The cost of setting up a water distribution system is largely influenced by the accuracy of the hydraulic design and analysis, accounting for up to 80% of the total cost of the system (Garg 2005). The components of a distribution system are pipes, valves, hydrants and appurtenances used for distributing the water, elevated tanks and reservoirs used for fire protection and for equalizing pressure, and pump discharge and meters (Ayanshola et al. Generally, a water supply system comprises of intake works, treatment works, transmission mains, storage and distribution network (Swamee & Sharma 2008). Abdulkadir & Sule (2012) noted that a distribution system must supply water of good quality, in adequate quantities and at sufficient pressure to meet system requirements to the users. These connections form an integral part of the master plan for communities, countries, and municipalities. 6.74 billion (109) people) had access to piped water supply through house connections (Anisha et al. In 2010, an estimated amount of about 85% of the world’s population (i.e. Water supply systems are among the most important public utilities, because safe supply of potable water is the basic necessity of mankind in any given municipality (Swamee & Sharma 2008).
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Optimal rehabilitation and maintenance strategies will not only save money but also will improve the level of service, increase the satisfaction of customers, enhance the life and reliability of the water distribution systems. Therefore, careful planning of maintenance activities for water distribution systems is essential. It is not economically viable to replace all deteriorating pipelines in aging water distribution systems. The American Water Works Association (AWWA) estimated in the Distribution System Inventory, Integrity and Water Quality publication that there are close to 2,37,600 breaks per year in the US during the year 2010. Water distribution systems deteriorate over time. A drinking water distribution system must be able to supply water to all consumers at their delivery points throughout the design period. Of the total expenditure incurred on different facilities of a water distribution system, the expenditure incurred on transportation and distribution of water is quite large and may even exceed 70%. Water distribution system may include facilities for collection, storage, transportation, pumping, treatment and distribution. Hydraulic analysis of water distribution system is an essential step towards understanding the behaviour of water supply and distribution system which includes the flow, pressure, velocity, head loss, efficiency and operation point of each pump. The system should be capable of meeting the demands and pressures at each node within the distribution system at all times. Water distribution systems are designed to satisfy the water requirements for domestic, commercial, industrial, and fire-fighting purposes. The results in this study revealed that the performance of the water distribution or supply system of Ahoada sub-zone under current demand is inefficient.
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These excess velocities are partly responsible for the leakages and pipe bursts observed at some points within the system. About 88 percent (87.7%) of flow velocities in the pipes were within the adopted velocity while around 12 percent (12.3%) of the velocities exceeded the adopted velocity. These negative pressures indicate that there is inadequate head within the distribution network for water conveyance to all the sections. About 19 percent (18.52%) of the total number of nodes analyzed had negative pressures while 69 percent (69%) of the nodes had pressures less than the adopted pressure for the analysis. There was no statistical difference between the results of Epanet and WaterCAD, however, Epanet produced slightly higher results of pressure and velocity in about 60% of all cases examined. This study evaluated the performance of Ahoada sub-zone water distribution system with respect to pressure, velocity, hydraulic head loss and nodal demands using WaterCAD and Epanet. The result is that overall water demand is usually not satisfied. Population explosion in urban settings usually exerts enormous pressure on existing water supply systems. Performance Evaluation Of Water Supply System Using Watercad And Epanet (A Case Study Of Ahoada East LGA Of Rivers State)